LESSON 21 어법·어휘 점검 : 1. 해석하며 빈칸을 채우고, 2. 선택형 문제: 맞는 것 O, 3. 번호 밑줄 맞으면 O, 틀리면 바르게 고치시오.
01. We learnt to cut wood and plough the earth once we ① had acquired the ability to attach a stone tip to a wooden handle. Wood was abundant, but rare flint was needed for the tip. In axes, raw and unrefined stone was replaced with flint in about 4000 BCE. [Finding / Found] all over Europe, flint axes and knives were produced in great quantities — about half a million every year. But there were very ② little flint mines. Axe heads originating from one flint deposit in the Alps have been found all over Western Europe. Axes from central Poland [have discovered / have been discovered] 800 kilometres away. So the earliest human tool, the flint axe, already ③ combining two types of raw material — the easily replaceable stick and the precious flint, ④ handed down from one generation to another, travelling huge distances on its way. The owners had to protect the sites ⑤ in which flint was found, and the first property rights developed. Others had to produce something of value to exchange: a flock of sheep, for example, or cured hides. This is how trade began.
02. Malcolm Gladwell, in his best-selling book Outliers, ①showing not only how a culture’s history can influence a child’s development and, thus, adult accomplishments, but also that such influences can extend back many generations and over different continents. Did one’s ancestors make a living as independent farmers ② which tended rice paddies, which required planning and persistent labor, or did they make a living as serfs growing potatoes, which required planting in the spring and harvesting in the fall, with little attention [necessary / necessarily] in between? Are you a descendant of farmers, ③ who crops were relatively immune to theft, or of ranchers, ④ that livelihoods could [steal / be stolen] from under one’s nose? Were people born in a time of economic plenty or hardship? Exceptional people (the “outliers” in the title of his book), Gladwell asserts, [is / are] not simply the product of hard work and native intelligence. They are the result of the practices of their culture at a particular time in history. ⑤ Even if Gladwell never mentions Vygotsky or sociocultural theory, his book illustrates the importance of sociohistorical influences on development.
03. Seeing geography as a decisive factor in the course of human history can [construe / be construed] as a bleak view of the world, ① it is why it is disliked in some intellectual circles. It suggests that nature is more powerful than man and [what / that] we can go only so far in determining our own fate. However, other factors clearly have an influence on events, too. Any [sensitive / sensible] person can see that technology is now bending the iron rules of geography. It has found ways over, under, or through some of the barriers. The Americans can now fly a plane all the way from Missouri to Mosul on a bombing mission without needing to land to refuel. That, along with their great aircraft carrier battle groups, ② meaning they no longer absolutely have to have an ally or a colony in order to extend their global reach around the world. Of course, ③ if they have an air base on the island of Diego Garcia, or permanent access to the port in Bahrain, then they have more options; but it is l__________ e______________ 덜 필수적인.
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